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Why is my USB 3 external HDD速度仅限于99 MB/s?

The rotational speed of the hard drive itself is a key factor - many consumer-grade HDDs max out at 5400 or 7200 RPM, limiting their peak data transfer rates.

The type of files being transferred can impact speed - moving many small files creates more overhead compared to transferring a few large files.

Not all USB 3 ports and cables are created equal - some may only support the earlier USB 3.0 specification of 5 Gbps rather than the full USB 3.1 Gen 2 speed of 10 Gbps.

Using a USB hub can introduce bandwidth limitations and reduce the maximum transfer speeds of the external HDD.

Background processes running on the host computer can intermittently consume system resources and slow down data transfers.

Fragmentation on the external HDD can lead to slower read/write speeds as the drive has to seek across different physical locations.

Thermal throttling - as the external HDD heats up during intensive use, its controller may reduce speeds to prevent overheating.

The interface between the HDD and its enclosure can introduce signal degradation, limiting maximum throughput.

Certain file systems, like exFAT, have inherent performance limitations compared to NTFS or other modern formats.

Sustained high-speed transfers can cause the external HDD's power management to kick in, temporarily reducing speeds to conserve energy.

Bugs or driver issues with the specific HDD model or the host system's USB controller can throttle performance.

Magnetic interference from other devices near the external HDD setup can disrupt data signals and limit speeds.

The quality of the USB 3 port on the host device (e.g.

laptop, desktop) affects the power delivery and therefore the maximum transfer rate.

The overall system bus bandwidth on the host device can become a bottleneck, preventing the external HDD from reaching its full potential.

Certain USB 3 controllers, especially on older hardware, may not be fully optimized to handle the bandwidth requirements of high-speed external storage.

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